L2__What is Cortisal Exactly?

Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. It plays a crucial role in the body’s response to stress, as well as in various other physiological processes.

Specific Roles of Cortisol in the Human Body

1. Stress Response:

• Primary Function: Cortisol is often referred to as the "stress hormone" because it is released in response to stress and anxiety. When the body perceives a threat (physical or psychological), the hypothalamus signals the adrenal glands to release cortisol.

• Effects: Cortisol prepares the body for a "fight or flight" response by increasing blood sugar levels (through gluconeogenesis), enhancing the brain's use of glucose, and increasing the availability of substances that repair tissues.

1. Metabolism Regulation:

• Glucose Metabolism: Cortisol plays a vital role in glucose metabolism by promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver, which is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. This helps maintain blood sugar levels, particularly during fasting or stress.

• Fat and Protein Metabolism: Cortisol helps regulate the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, which can affect how the body stores and uses energy. It promotes the breakdown of proteins and fats into glucose for energy, particularly during stress or low-energy intake.

1. Immune System Modulation:

• Anti-inflammatory Effects: Cortisol has anti-inflammatory properties, which means it helps to reduce inflammation in the body. It suppresses the immune system's inflammatory response, preventing the overreaction of the immune system that could lead to tissue damage.

• Immunosuppression: While cortisol helps in reducing inflammation, chronic high levels of cortisol can suppress the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections.

1. Blood Pressure Regulation:

• Vasoconstriction: Cortisol helps maintain blood pressure by enhancing the effects of other hormones that cause blood vessels to constrict. This is essential for ensuring that vital organs receive an adequate blood supply, especially during stress.

• Electrolyte Balance: Cortisol also influences the balance of salt and water in the body, which can affect blood pressure.

1. Mood and Cognitive Function:

• Mood Regulation: Cortisol levels can impact mood, with chronic high levels being associated with mood disorders such as anxiety and depression.

• Cognitive Functions: Cortisol also affects cognitive functions, particularly memory and concentration. Acute increases in cortisol can enhance alertness, but chronic elevated levels may impair cognitive performance.

Sources Cited:

Cortisol: What It Does & How To Regulate Cortisol Levels." Cleveland Clinic, my.clevelandclinic.org.

What Is Cortisol?" Healthline, www.healthline.com.

Cortisol: Function, Tests, and Effects of High & Low Levels." WebMD, www.webmd.com.

Understanding Cortisol and Its Impact on Health." Mayo Clinic, www.mayoclinic.org.